Gun Violence On The United States - 1418 Words

According to CNN, â€Å"close to 33,000 Americans were victims of gun-related deaths in 2011 and an average of 268 citizens are shot every day†. Thousands of children and women are the victim of gun violence. Gun violence in the United States is increasing as each year passes by. Most of the time, poor people or low class people are the victim of gun violence. In the United States, by the law, a license is required to have a gun, but law informant agencies are failing to do that. Some people are carrying guns without a license, and use them to commit crimes, such as robberies and murdering innocent people. Some people argue that guns should be limited to only police officers and military, and citizens should not be allowed to carry guns. They†¦show more content†¦However, owning a gun is not the only way for an individual to defend himself. There are security systems, self-defense classes, and martial art classes. Purchasing a gun and believing it can protect someone is quite naà ¯ve. There are better approaches an individual can take to protect themselves. With purchasing a gun, one must have a license to own and use it. Some people even commit a crime with license guns, so guns should not be allowed to citizen for any reason. There should be completely ban on gun sell. Gun control would reduce the rate of homicide and gun control would surely reduce crime. It will place qualifications for people who are eligible to have a gun. That would lead to less people having guns and only the more responsible people in the world owning guns. I believe this would reduce both crimes and deaths. In an article, â€Å"The Facts That Neither Side Wants to Admit about Gun Control†, by Justin King, acknowledges, â€Å"Australia enacted its gun ban in 1996. Murders have basically run flat, seeing only a small spike after the ban and then returning almost immediately to preban numbers† (King). Gun control will help crime rates and homicide rates dr op. Guns are very powerful weapons and should not be in the hands of just anyone. If United States can have strict rules about the selling of guns, like other countries do then it will surely reduce crimes. Many

Essay on Letter From Birmingham Jail, by Martin Luther...

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. one of many great influential speakers wrote a life changing letter after being arrested for peacefully protesting African American rights. While sitting in jail Dr. King received a letter from clergymen questioning his motives and timings for being in Birmingham. In a response Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. writes a â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† vividly expressing physical and emotional purposes for his presence in Birmingham, AL. First, in the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s purpose is to show his fellow clergymen true imagery of how racism and segregation is affecting the citizens of Birmingham. Dr. King states, â€Å"There can be no gainsaying the fact that racial injustice engulfs this†¦show more content†¦Martin Luther King Jr. expresses his views for obeying â€Å"Just† laws, while disregarding â€Å"Unjust† laws because of moral purposes. In the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Dr. King speaks on how he â€Å"Urge people to obey laws,† as well as â€Å"urge them to disobey segregation ordinances†. â€Å"I agree with St. Augustine that â€Å"an unjust law is no law at all.† Dr. King’s reason for following certain laws and not others is because he believes there are two types of laws. Just laws are beneficial to all races and â€Å"Is the man-made code that squares with the moral law or the Law of God†, unjust laws neglects certain human races needs and personalities and â€Å"Is not rooted in eternal law and natural law.† Dr. King does not disapprove Supreme Court decisions, yet if it involves segregation he feels as though it â€Å"Distorts the soul and damages the personality.† Dr. King states, â€Å"Segregation is not only politically, economically, and sociologically unsound, it is also morally wrong and sinful.† At this point, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is past describing how segregation affects people, but is now saying how segregation for example affects the political system such as denying Negroes the right to vote. â€Å"Throughout Alabama all sorts of devious methods are used to prevent Negroes from becoming registered voters.† Negroes make up the majority population in the counties of Alabama â€Å"Not a single Negro isShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr., â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†3011 Words   |  13 Pages[Da te] Martin Luther king Jr., â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Outline 1. Introduction i) Argument about â€Å"Justice and injustice† ii) Religious appeals in King’s latter iii) Paragraph fourteen of King’s latter 2. Discussion 3. Conclusion Introduction The pressure of racial segregation was reaching a boiling point in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama. After being arrested for his part in the Birmingham Campaign, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote an open letter in responseRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr : Letter From Birmingham Jail Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pages Martin Luther King Jr: Letter from Birmingham Jail Hao Ran Hu SUNY Broome Hao Ran Hu Global History Professor St.Clair 2016 Martin Luther King Jr: Letter from Birmingham Jail One of the interesting Documents in World History is the ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ by Martin Luther King Jr who was born as Michael King in 1929 in Atlanta. His parents were partRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr.1259 Words   |  6 PagesLetter from Birmingham Response The Letter from Birmingham jail was written on April 16th, 1963 by Martin Luther King jr. Martin was a prominent leader and protester in the fight against racism. King was put in jail for protesting in the streets without a permit and that is where he read the letter. The letter was written as response to the Letter from the Eight Clergymen. Their letter called for the end of the peaceful protests which were lead by King and his supporters. During the time the letterRead MoreThe Letter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr.990 Words   |  4 PagesThe Letter from Birmingham Jail by Martin Luther King Jr. is written to the injustices of the African Americans by the white man supremacy, and to address the direct actions African Americans were making to change the people’s perspective. The books that have been read in this class reflect the same injustices that Martin Luther King Jr is addressing in his letter. The main point of this letter is to address the direct actio n being taken by the African Americans and how they sacrificing everythingRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a response to clergymen defending his actions that placed him in a jail in Birmingham, Alabama. King did not respond to all the criticism that crossed his desk, but this time King felt he was compelled to respond. This obligation King felt was due in part to men with good will and intentions stating that his actions were â€Å"unwise and untimely† (Pg. 835). King’s purpose in writing â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was to defend the strategyRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesA Letter’s Purpose In â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King Jr. writes specifically to southern clergy men but also expands to anyone who opposes the civil rights movement. He informs his audience about the purpose of the civil rights movement and its importance to black and white people in terms of living as equals in a more peaceful society. King urges the public to understand the purpose of peaceful protests and the civil rights movement. He also wants people to understand the hardshipsRead MoreLetter from Birmingham Jail, by Martin Luther King Jr. Essay938 Words   |  4 Pages Is it not ironic that Martin Luther King Jr. s, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, which testifies to his struggle for Civil Rights; not only contradicts the time Martin Luther King wrote it in, but also echoes the same sentiments of today’s moral causes and laws? . Dr. King (*) then known as Baptist minister Martin Luther King Jr. wrote the Letter to Birmingham in response to his fellow clergymen’s criticisms of him being locked up for his actions in Birmingham’s Civil Rights protest. The letter’sRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. s Letter From A Birmingham Jail1157 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† is directed towards the clergymen, although America is his audience, King had come to Birmingham to address the segregation problem in the United States. He refuses to stay silent, even though people told him to wait for the change to happen. King is a part of the Southern Christian Leadersh ip Conference that has many organizations across the South. He felt that he has a right to be in Birmingham because his organizations have connections withRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail1004 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was written during 1963, when African Americans were fighting for black and white equality. During the civil rights movement Martin Luther King Jr fought triumphantly for African Americans and their freedom. He was often subjected to imprisonment from those who opposed the purpose of the civil rights movement. Martin Luther king Jr took a lot of time to write and document his thoughts about how his people were being treated. â€Å"Letter to Birmingham†Read MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1666 Words   |  7 PagesA Letter from Birmingham Jail was written by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on scraps of paper in response to a public statement of his efforts being seen as extreme issued by eight clergymen, while incarcerated in Birmingham. In response to the statement King makes a claim of Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† Kings claim of â€Å"Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† Is supported throughout the entirety of his letter through the use of rhetoric devices such as Ethos

Valuation Project Report Free Essays

Valuation project report Valuation of the Incentive Stock Options for Procter Gamble Co. Name: Haining Jiang Company background: In this valuation project, I will analyze a company which is mature and I am interested in. The name of the company is Procter Gamble Co. We will write a custom essay sample on Valuation Project Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now the Procter Gamble Company, together with its subsidiaries, engages in the manufacture and sale of a range of branded consumer packaged goods. The company operates in five segments: Beauty, Grooming, Health Care, Fabric Care and Home Care, and Baby Care and Family Care. In the year of 1837, William Procter and James Gamble settled in the Queen City of the West, Cincinnati, and established themselves in business. As a result, a new company was born: Procter Gamble. Procter Gamble became into a listed company at a stock price and dividend which are $ 1. 7 and $ 0. 01 per month respectively in 19 Jan. 1970. For many years, P G keep following their purpose and social responsibility at every and every corner in the world: â€Å"We will provide branded products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the world’s consumers, now and for generations to come. As a result, consumers will reward us with leadership sales, profit and value creation, allowing our people, our shareholders and the communities in which we live and work to prosper. † Until now, P G has become the largest consumer packaged goods company in the world at $ 67. 17 of the share price and $ 0. 562 of dividend per month. Main contents: 1. Discounted dividend valuation The most basic model is the Gordon Growth Model, which prices the stock by the dividend and future growth of dividends. The formula would be like this: V0=D0 (1+g)(r-g)=D1r-g Where D0 is today’s dividend, which would be $ 2. 21 in our case. r is the cost of capital, r will be calculated like: Assume : The market premium = 6%* The risk-free rate = 3%* Given number in the case: ? = 0. 27 So, r = 0. 03 + 0. 27 x 0. 06 = 4. 62% The best way to estimate g is: The term g can be viewed as the return on owner’s equity times the earnings retention rate b. b = (1 – dividend payout ratio) = 1 – 58% = 42% return on equity = 14. 05% So, Sustainable growth rate = gs = 42% x 14. 05% = 5. 901% r g, so we may meet a big problem when using the V0 formula above. But, as far as we all know, it is not possible that the firm can grow faster than r forever. The high return will attract other investors into the market to compete and the firm’s rate will eventually fall. And, I determine the long-run growth rate of dividends, gL = 3%*. g r. Even if this data is not real in the true PG case, I think it’s will be fine to continue our model. V0=D0 (1+g)(r-g)= $ 2. 21x(1+0. 03)(0. 0462-0. 03)=$ 140. 51 1) Two-stage dividend growth When the P G is growing faster than r, one can use a multistage model, where the growth stages are broken into two parts. The first is the supernormal growth phase call gs , which is the rate that is higher than r. So we can assume: at the first period ( r g ): gS = 5. 901% (as we calculated above) n = 3*; At the second period ( r g ): r = 4. 62% (as we calculated above) gL = 3% (as we calculated above) D0 = $ 2. 21 (real data from PG) ; As we all know the formula is: V0 = t=1n[ Dt1+rt+ Vn(1+r)n] Vn= D01+ gsn(1+ gL)(r- gL) So, V3= 2. 21Ãâ€"1+ 0. 0593(1+ 0. 03)(0. 0462- 0. 03) = $ 166. 88 V0 = 2. 21x(1+0. 059)1(1+0. 0462)1+ 2. 21x(1+0. 059)2(1+0. 0462)2+ 2. 21x(1+0. 059)3(1+0. 0462)3+ 166. 88(1+0. 0462)3 = $ 152. 27 2) Three-stage dividend growth We assume the P G company experienced a life-cycle with a three stages that are: an early, development stage with high growth, a maturing phase with moderate growth, and a declining phase with little, no, or negative growth. The current dividend of $ 2. 21 per share will not change. Dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 10%* for 2 years. Following that , the dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 8%* for 2 years. After the total 4 years, the dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 4%* per year, forever. The rate of return unchanged: 4. 2% (as calculated in 1. 1). We can break the calculation in to six steps: (1) Calculate the dividends for years 1 through 5: year| Dividend growth rate| Dividend| 1| 10%| 2. 431| 2| 10%| 2. 674| 3| 8%| 2. 888| 4| 8%| 3. 119| 5| 5%| 3. 275| (2) Calculate the present value of each of these dividends for years 1 through 5: Year| Dividend| Present value| 1| 2. 431| 2. 3236| 2| 2. 674| 2. 4430| 3| 2. 888| 2. 5220| 4| 3. 119| 2. 6035| 5| 3. 275| 2. 6130| (3) Calculate the present value of the dividends beyond year 4: P4= $ 3. 275(0. 0462-0. 04) = $ 528. 23 (4) Calculate the present value of the price at year 4: PVP4 = $ 528. 23(1+0. 0462)4 = $ 440. 92 (5) Calculate the sum of the present value of the dividends: PVdividends in year 1-4= t=110Dt(1+0. 0462)t = $ 12. 51 (6) Calculate the price today as the sum of the present value of dividends in years 1-4 and the price at the end of year 4: P0=$ 440. 92+$ 12. 51 = $ 453. 43 3) The uses of the dividend valuation models (1) The price-earnings ratio also known as the price-to-earnings ratio or PE ratio, is the ratio of the price per share to the earnings per share of a stock. Let us observe these data from PG firstly: ?| 2012| 2011| 2010| stock price| $66. 6| $64. 50| $60. 44| current earings per share| $3. 82| $4. 12| $4. 32| P/E ratio| 17. 37173| 15. 65534| 13. 99074| dividend payout ratio| 58%| 50%| 42%| If we take the DVM and divide both sides by earnings per share, we arrive at an equation for the price earnings ratio in terms of dividend payout, required rate of return, and growth: P0E0= Dividend payout ratio x (1+g)r-g We can conclude the information below according to the above formula: Increase in dividend payout rate will cause increase in P/E ratio, this point is also obviously in the table above, the data comes from the real PG case. Increase in r will cause decrease in P/E ratio Increase in growth rate will cause increase in P/E ratio. (2) we can also use the DVM to relate the price-book value ratio to factors such as the dividend payout ratio and the ROE. We assume the B0 indicate the current book value per share and ROE0 indicate the current return on book equity. As we all know: ROE0 = E0B0 , and P0=D0 (1+g)(r-g)=D1r-g ; So, we can get the formula easily below: P0=B0x ROE0 x D0E0x (1+g)(r-g) So we could get the conclusion through analyzing the above formula: increase in B0 will increase in P0; ncrease in ROE0 will increase in P0; increase in D0E0 will increase in P0; increase in g will increase in P0; increase in r will increase in P0; I believe there are plenty of other conclusions we can get from those formulas, I just mention some of them in my valuation report here. But in other words, we can fully use the DVM to find all the related fundamental factors to have further understanding through DVM. 4) What i f there no dividends? I think it’s acceptable and expectable if the PG isn’t paying dividends now, but chooses to reinvest its money. It is a sign that the dividends in the future will be even larger. Of course, I won’t stick around with the company long enough to receive any of those dividends. But because of the growth of the company, I will realize that the eventual dividends will be even larger with the increasingly share price. After that, I can sell me shares to someone else to get my profit from it. Summary: â€Å"Valuation is the process of determining what something is worth at a point in time. When we value investments, we want to estimate the future cash flows from these investments and then discount these to the present. This process is based on the reasoning that no one will pay more today for an investment than what they could expect to get from that investment on a time and risk adjusted basis. †1 I think the paragraph I cited above not only give us the best conclusion of by valuation project report, but also tell us a definitely reason we study finance. Please Note: If the number followed a * behind it, it means this number is assumed and the others without * are all real data from PG company finance report. 1: cited from the â€Å"Dividend Valuation Models†, by Pamela Peterson Drake, Ph. D. , CFA. How to cite Valuation Project Report, Essay examples

Legal System of the UK-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: You are working in a law firm advising new start-up companies on the legal system and key legislation that they are required to know and apply. You have been asked to produce a handbook for new companies in order to support your business advice and guidance. Answer: Introduction Entrepreneurs required evaluating and understanding the legal system which applies to the company since it assists them in complying with necessary legal requirements and taking right business decisions. This report will evaluate the legal system of the United Kingdom by overseeing different laws that are necessary to comply by new start-ups. Further, the report will analyse the potential implications of law on businesses and the governments role in the law-making process. UK Legal System Explanation The UK is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch. The country has an unwritten constitution, and there is no single written document which provides the rights that citizens have and how the government should act. There are a variety of sources which comprised as the constitution, some of which are written whereas others are unwritten (Ward, 2011). The doctrine of judicial precedents is a unique feature in the legal system of the UK whereby the decision taken by the courts are binding as a source of law over the future judicial decision. The crown court handles all criminal cases after they are appealed from magistrate court. However, the magistrate court has the right to entertain both civil and criminal cases. County court is the first level of civil cases, and it cannot be passed to magistrate court. For criminal cases, magistrate court is the first level. The parties have right to appeal against the judgement of both County and Magistrate court in Supreme Court which is the last supreme power in the country (Ingman, 2011). The Supreme Court has the authority to give punishment like combining two punishments. The laws are necessary to comply by organisations include company law, employment law, National Minimum Wage act 1998, English contract law, and others. Overview of UKs Sources of Law There are three key sources of the UK law which include common law, legislation, and the European Union law. Legislation laws are referred to the acts that are created by a legislature, and the Acts of Parliament are defined as the most significant pieces of legislation. The UK Parliament is situated in London, and it passes laws that implement in the UK. The Parliament consists of the House of Lords in which the number of members is not fixed (currently 792 sitting lords) and the House of Commons in which 650 members sits. The legal system that applies in Wales and England is a common law one, therefore, the judgment of senior appellate courts becomes a part of the law (Armour, et al., 2009). The country is a member of the European Union (EU); therefore, it has to comply with the EU law, and it takes precedence over nations law. Explaining the Governments Role in Law-making The government plays a key role in law-making since it introduces great majority of Acts of Parliaments. The government performs different activities or functions during different steps of the law-making procedure. Firstly, the executive branches of government develop a draft of the law which is known as a public bill, and the main function of parliament is the review, amend and pass such bill to create a new law (Mahalatchimy, et al., 2012). The draft presented by the government includes proposed law and its impact on the society. Only few bills become law. The procedure for passing a bill starts from presenting of the bill in either the House of Lords or the House of Commons. The first reading of the bill is just a formality in both houses. In second reading of the bill, a government minister read and presents that bill in front of the House of Commons. The opposition and other parties present their views. Generally, the opposition opposes the bill, but it almost always progresses to the Committee stage. The committee further examines and amend the bill, and it reports the debates and amendments to the House. In third reading, members of the House vote whether the bill should be accepted or rejected. Further, the government plays a crucial role in Delegated Legislation in which the parliament delegates the power of law-making to the government. This legislation is subject to strict limitations, and it can only use for regulating issues of administrative nature. There are three key types of Delegated Legislations. In order in council, the government made law during an emergency. In the Statutory instrument, the government ministers create new regulation, and the local and national authorities create Bye-laws. Key Legislations for Start-ups While starting up a new business, founders have to decide the legal status of the company as it influences the way a business is operated and it affects the way it pays taxes and record accounts. Firstly, entrepreneurs have to decide the legal structure of business. There are three key types of legal structure of a business, sole trader, limited company and partnership. For limited companies, founders have to register with Companies House (Gov.UK, 2018). As per the legal system in the UK, the name of the company must be displayed at the register offer and its literatures. The founders register a company and select a unique name in order to start its operations. The members and the company are separate entities and members cannot be held liable for companys debts. For example, as provided in the Salomon v A Salomon and Co Ltd (1897) AC 22 case, the founders and the company has separate legal entity (Goulding, 2013). Entrepreneurs have different responsibilities based on the types of their business, and they have to check the requirement of licences or permits and insurance. For example, entrepreneurs who are establishing a business in hospitality or catering industry such as restaurant or pub required a licence to work. The business that relies on licence for its income, start-ups are required to take business insurance that protects them in the event of a loss. Start-ups have to comply with different employment and contract laws in order to smoothly operate in the UK. For example, as per employment law in the UK, any business that employs staff is required to take an employers liability insurance with a cover level of 5 million. Another example is provided in British Gas Trading Ltd v Lock Anor (2016) EWCA Civ 983 case in which the court held that Working Time Regulations 1998 can be interpreted for including results-based commissions (Employment Cases Update, 2016). Potential Implications of Law Copyright Law: With the growing number of start-ups, the growth in protection for intellectual property has grown as well. The UK Copyright Service protects the slogans, creative work, logos and designs of businesses from copying or infringement. Start-ups are required to carefully comply with the UK Copyright law to avoid legal issue. For example, in Temple Island Collections Ltd v New English Teas Ltd (2012) EWPCC 1 case, the court held that reproduction of substantial part of claimants artistic work is considered as an infringement of copyright act (Harms, 2013). Employment Law: Start-ups are required to comply with various regulations relating to employment law such as providing safe and healthy workplace environment, appropriate leave policies, compliance with minimum wage act, equality act and others. For example, in The Government Legal Service v Brookes (2017) UKEAT 0302/16/2803/RN case, the court held that as per Equality Act 2010, indirect discrimination is illegal and corporations cannot discriminate between candidates for recruitment based on their disability (Employment Cases Update, 2017). Contract Law: Start-ups have to comply with provisions of the English contract law when they entered into a legal agreement with customers, suppliers, investors or other entities. Due to the implication of contract law, the companies have to ensure that they fulfil all the terms of a contract because non-compliance can lead to legal consequences. For example, in Marks Spencer PLC v BNP Paribas SSTC Ltd (2015) UKSC 72 the judgment was given by the Supreme Court which provided that a contract should not be treated as authoritative guidance instead it should be treated as inspired discussion (Havelock, 2016). The case proves that Start-ups should carefully fulfil the terms of a contract to avoid legal implications. Conclusion In conclusion, the report discussed the legal system of the UK and analysed it sources of law which include legislation, common law and EU law. Start-ups are required to comply with different laws while operating their business in the United Kingdom, such as employment law, contract law, copyright law and other, in order ensures that they smoothly operate their business and sustain their growth. References Armour, J., Black, B., Cheffins, B. and Nolan, R., 2009. Private enforcement of corporate law: an empirical comparison of the United Kingdom and the United States.Journal of Empirical Legal Studies,6(4), pp.687-722. Employment Cases Update. (2016) British Gas Trading Ltd v Lock Anor [2016] EWCA Civ 983. [Online] Employment Cases Update. Available at: https://www.employmentcasesupdate.co.uk/site.aspx?i=ed32307 [Accessed 6 March 2018]. Employment Cases Update. (2017) The Government Legal Service v Brookes UKEAT/0302/16/RN. [Online] Employment Cases Update. Available at: https://www.employmentcasesupdate.co.uk/site.aspx?i=ed35360 [Accessed 6 March 2018]. Goulding, S., 2013.Principles of company law. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. Gov.UK. (2018) Set up a business. [Online] Gov.UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/set-up-business [Accessed 6 March 2018]. Harms, L.T., 2013. " Originality" and" reproduction" in copyright law with special reference to photographs.PER: Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad,16(5), pp.01-28. Havelock, R., 2016. Return to Tradition in Contractual Interpretation.King's Law Journal,27(2), pp.188-213. Ingman, T., 2011.The English legal process. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Mahalatchimy, A., Rial?Sebbag, E., Tournay, V. and Faulkner, A., 2012. The legal landscape for advanced therapies: material and institutional implementation of European Union rules in France and the United Kingdom.Journal of law and society,39(1), pp.131-149. Ward, R., 2011.Walker Walker's English legal system. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.